Ap World History Chapter 26 Notes

Chapter 26 Notes: Ottomans and Arabs Ottomans: Factors of Decline * Competition between elite * Weak rulers * Increasingly powerful Janissary corps * Increased competition from European merchants * Military challenges from the West * Ottomans vs. Russia (result: loss of Serbia, Greece, and most of Balkans) Survival * Played European rivals against each other * Selim III: reformed bureaucracy, new army and navy.Killed by janissaries in 1807 * Mahmud II: slaughtered Janissaries, families and religious allies, reforms based on Western influence (angered conservative religious leaders) * Tanzimat Reforms (1939-1876): series of Western influenced reforms in education, government, newspapers, and constitution. Introduction of railroad and telegraph systems (effect: communication increased, minority groups increased power) * Consequences: artisans negatively effected (thank you, Britain), women ‘s status remained stagnant Backlash to Reforms Conflict between old and new orders * Abdul Hamid: attempted to return to despotic governing.. nullified constitution, removed Westerners in power, continued SOME Western policies * Coup 1908: Ottoman Society for Union and Progress (Young Turks) fought for return to 1976 constitution, Sultan remained as figurehead. * War in North Africa: Ottomans lost Libya * Young Turks vs. Arabs * World War I: Turkey sided with Germany†¦. Arab Heartlands Fertile Crescent, Egypt, North AfricaIdentified with Ottoman rulers as Muslims, disliked Ottoman rule * Fear of Western rule Muhammad Ali, Westernizing Europe * Napoleon invades Egypt (1798): example of Western military power, eventually defeated by the British * Western reforms introduced (military, agriculture) little accomplished in the long-term * Khedives: Muhammad’s descendants, ruled Egypt until 1952 Issues and European Help * Cotton: solely dependent on export * Misuse of money by the elite Indebted to European powers * Suez Canal: introduces power struggle b/w European powers and Egypt (France and Britain) * Conservative Muslims resented Western presence * Liberal Muslims borrowed from West * Skirmish between Britain and Khedival army results in British domination (Egypt is NOT colonized) Egypt in Sudan * Sudan exploited, forced to reform slave trade * Jihad called against Egyptian rulers and Britain * Sudan successful in maintaining independence until 1896 * Western technology vs. Eastern technology

Aspects of Literary History: Spring and Summer Terms 2008 Essay

Welcome to the Aspects of Literary History course. This is an ambitious course with a number of separate but interwoven strands: 1) The course will introduce you to some of the key concepts of literary history. 2) The course will enact literary history by examining the history of a particular mode of writing from its Greek origins through the seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, twenty and twenty-first centuries. You will be asked to think in terms of specific literary historical periods. 3) The course will make you more familiar with the reading and interpreting of poetry, with particular attention to improving your skills in close reading. 4) The course will examine pastoral poetry from its origins in the Greek Idylls, its dissemination through Roman models and its diversification into many forms: the elegy, the country house poem, the love lyric, the poem of reflection, the philosophical poem, the nature poem and the satire. 5) The course will focus historically on the pastoral not simply because it provides the originating mode for these diverse forms but because it is the product of a specific political and social culture: an elite form produced originally in a slave culture (Greek) and disseminated through another slave culture (Roman). This will give you the basis for thinking about the historical contextualization of the pastoral as a form. 6) How have later English poets – from the seventeenth century onwards – made use of the political and social entailments of the pastoral form? How have they expanded it by the introduction of a Christian content? How have American poets made use of the form in response to the colonization of the New World, a process seen by many (at the time and subsequently) through the means of the pastoral? 7) The analysis of pastoral will enable you to undertake the most subtle intrinsic literary historical analysis, the most ambitious and the most ranging extrinsic literary historical analysis and the most effective combination of intrinsic and extrinsic modes. The Aspects of Literary History course will be taught by lecture and seminar in the spring term and the summer term. You will use the Aspects of Literary History course reader for preparation and for seminar discussion. The poems for discussion in the lectures and in the seminars are all printed in the course reader and the course supplement. The lectures for the course will be held in Chichester Lecture Theatre on Mondays 12-1. The seminars for the course will take place later in the week. Please check the timetable for your individual tutor and for the time of your seminar. There are four secondary texts we would also like you to read during this course: Paul Alpers’ What Is Pastoral?, Raymond Williams’ The Country and the City, Jonathan Bate’s The Song of the Earth and Chris Fitter’s Poetry, Space, Landscape. There are multiple copies of these in short loan and you should be able to read these during the vacation and during the spring and summer terms. You can borrow short loan books over the vacation and renew on-line. Essential secondary material is available in the Reserve Collection or in the Artsfac part of the Reserve Collection. [Ask at the Reserve Collection Counter: this material is stored under the name of the course convenor, Alistair Davies]. The seminar strand will support the lecture series by ensuring that you have grasped the literary historical topic of the week (definitions and information are set out in the reader). But it will function principally a) to improve your confidence and skill in reading poetry and b) to encourage you [if you wish] to explore your own creative response in poetry to the themes and topics of the course. We hope that you will become more proficient, more imaginative and more self-assured readers of poetry. Your written course work will be two 1000 word course work essays [20% each]. We are hoping to encourage you to be concise, focused and lucid in your writing. You will have the opportunity, if you wish, to submit one piece of creative writing out of two pieces of written work for the course. Remember to check your written work against the criteria set out in the ‘Feedback and How to Make Use of It’ document you were given last term. To underline the importance we attach to your creativity, we draw your attention to details of the Stanmer Prize on page 4 of the course reader. You can read the poems produced by previous winners on the English web-site. The course will also be examined by an unseen in the summer term [60%]. You will be required to comment closely on three poems or passages of poems in ways that reflect upon the literary historical topics covered in the course. You can consult past examination papers through the Sussex web-site. You will find below a detailed plan of the course. You will be able to see how lectures prepare you for seminars in each week; and you will be able to plan your work for the course from the beginning to the end of the course. We hope that you will find this course informative and enjoyable. If you have any queries, do not hesitate to contact your course tutor or the course convenor, Dr Alistair Davies [H.A.Davies@sussex.ac.uk] The course will be taught in the following order [the order in which it is set out in the course reader]: Week 1:Genre and Conventions The first lecture by Professor Norman Vance will focus on Milton’s Lycidas and Paradise Lost and will explore Milton’s use of classical genre(s) and conventions. Prepare for the lecture by reading the ‘Genre and Conventions’, ‘The Origins of the Pastoral’ and ‘the Pastoral Elegy’ sections of the course reader and the section of the Aspects Course Supplement. Week 1: Norman Vance: ‘Pastoral Genre and Convention: Milton’s Lycidas and Paradise Lost In your first seminar, you will focus on two poems — Herrick’s ‘To Daffodils’ (p.33) and Elizabeth Bishop’s ‘North Haven’ (p.5). What are the generic constituents of Herrick’s poem? What makes Bishop’s poem a) a pastoral elegy and b) how does it differ as a modern pastoral elegy from Milton’s Renaissance pastoral elegy? Paul Alpers’ study of pastoral cited in the course reader will be helpful here. You may wish to read Alpers’ discussion of Lycidas in What is Pastoral [there are copies of this in reserve and in short loan; copies too in Artsfac]. We begin with pastoral and we will focus on pastoral; but one presupposition we will explore in the course is that the pastoral idyll provides the matrix out of which the elegy, the love poem, the poem of philosophical reflection, the subjective lyric, the love poem, the satire and the nature poem are developed within the western and within the English traditio n. Week 2: Intertextuality. The second lecture will be given by Professor Andrew Hadfield and will focus on Jonson’s To Penshurst. Prepare for the lecture by re-reading Virgil’s first eclogue and Horace’s second epode in the course reader. You will find To Penshurst in the course reader (pp.29-31). Read the ‘Intertextuality’ section of the course reader, pp.26-32. Week 2: Andrew Hadfield: ‘Intertextuality: Ben Jonson’s ‘To Penshurst and the Country-House Poem’ For your seminar, read Yeats’ ‘Coole Park, 1929’ and Walcott’s ‘Ruins of a Great House’ in the course reader (pp.31-32). How does Yeats relate to Jonson; how does Walcott relate to Yeats (who was an important early influence)? What does it tell us about history and about the history of literature that a poet of the English renaissance, an Irish poet of the 1920s and a Caribbean poet of post-war period should use a form established by Roman poets in the first century BC. What are the links between pastoral, the country-house poem and empire? Week 3/: Literature and Social Change The third lecture of the term will be given by Dr Sophie Thomas on the topic of the eighteenth century prospect poem. Week 3: Dr Sophie Thomas: Politics, Poetics and Landscape For this lecture, Sophie Thomas will explore the changing modes of the prospect poem in works by Pope, Gray, Cowper and Smith printed in the course reader (pp.36-45) and Wordsworth’s Tintern Abbey printed on pages 47-48. Please read the section Literature and Social Change, pp.33-48 of the course reader. In her lecture, Sophie Thomas will explore the so-called prospect poem, raising questions about the class and the gender position of the viewer and about the different ways in which nature is re-presented. Will you please read carefully Gray’s ‘Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College.’ In your seminar, your tutor will either focus on one or more of the poems by Gray, Cowper and Smith in the reader. How important is it to take into account the gender of the poets discussed? Does a female writer have a different sense of the possession of a landscape to a male writer? Week 4: Literature and Social Change The fourth lecture of the term will be given by Dr Sophie Thomas. Please prepare by reading the poems by Wordsworth and Coleridge in the course reader, pp. 45-48. Week 4: Dr Sophie Thomas: The Landscape of the Imagination: Wordsworth and Coleridge In your seminar, you will read Wordsworth’s Tintern Abbey (p.47). How does the tradition of the pastoral poem enable the poet to write here a poem of psychology, a poem of philosophical reflection and a poem of relationship [remember it is addressed to the poet’s sister]. Even though it is written [for us] in heightened diction, this was written as an example of a form Coleridge and Wordsworth admired, the so-called conversational poem. Of course, The Prelude is one, very long conversational poem. Week 5: Research Break Week 5 will be a research break for your seminar (this will allow you to catch up with your reading and your writing). You will write your first assignment. Your first written assignment will be due in week 6 [check on Sussex Direct] : one 1000 word essay — 1) a reading of either a) Jonson b) Bishop c) Yeats or d) Walcott in the light of questions of genre, convention and intertextuality or 2) a reading of the prospect poem, with reference to Gray, Cowper, Smith or Wordsworth) or, if you wish, 3) you may write an account of George Herbert’s ‘Life’ and Andrew Marvell’s ‘The Garden’ in the supplement in relationship to ideas of melancholy and of loss, pp. 6-7. The poetry of the English renaissance provides the models from which the English poets of the Romantic period develop the religious, philosophical and psychological preoccupations of their verse. Your seminar tutor will set you specific titles for this assignment. Week 6: Literary History and Periodisation (pp.37-40) The fifth lecture will be given by Dr Alistair Davies on Goldsmith’s ‘The Deserted Village’ pp.53-58 of course reader). Please read this poem closely before the lecture. Week 6: Dr Alistair Davies: ‘Goldsmith’s The Deserted Village: Literary History and Periodisation. To prepare for the topic for week 6, read the section on Literary History and Periodisation (pp. 49-58) in the course-reader and the section on Literary History and Periodisation in the course supplement. The lecture will set the poem in the context of the construction of an eighteenth century landscaped estate and house. The University of Sussex is built in the eighteenth-century country-park of Stanmer House. Please take a stroll around this park (or its remnants) and have a look at the Palladian-style Stanmer House (see final page of course reader). In your seminar, you will discuss the Virgilian and Horatian intertexts of The Deserted Village, relate the poem to questions of globalisation and migration, and explore the links between Goldsmith’s poem and the English landscape and pictorial tradition of the eighteenth century represented by Gainsborough’s painting in the course reader and on its back cover. Please also read the account of Michael McKeon’s article ‘The Pastoral Revolution’ cited in the course reader. There is a brief prà ©cis in the course reader but you should make every effort to read the whole of this important article in Kevin Sharpe and Steven N.Zwicker (eds): Refiguring Revolutions. You would also benefit, if you have not yet done so, from reading the recommended chapters in Raymond Williams’s indispensable The Country and the City [there are many copies of this in reserve and in short loan] and Jonathan Bate’s The Song of the Earth. Week 7. Literary History: Politics and the Subject of Modernity The sixth lecture of the course will be given by Dr Alistair Davies on The Prelude. Week 7: Dr Alistair Davies: ‘Wordsworth’s The Prelude: Politics and the Subject of Modernity’ For your preparation, please re-read The 1805 Prelude, with particular reference to Books 1, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13. For the seminar, we want you to read A.R.Ammons’s ‘Corsons Inlet’ (pp. 77-8). In what ways can you read Ammons’s poem as a post-Romantic rejoinder to ‘Tintern Abbey’? In what way is twentieth century American poetry, as we find it instanced in Ammons’ poem, a critique of the English Romantic tradition and of the American nineteenth century transcendental tradition it helped to shape? Remember that Wordsworth is a fundamental precursor figure for the modern American lyric poet as he is for the modern English lyric poet. Remember too that the pastoral is a fundamental form in American self-identification in the founding and settling of the New World. Sylvia Plath’s has written wonderful and little known sonnet ‘Mayflower’ on this topic, which you will find on page 49 of the course reader. Week 8. Feminist Literary History. The seventh lecture will be given by Dr Jenny Taylor on Christina Rossetti, concentrating on ‘Goblin Market’, pp. 66-71 of the course reader. Please prepare for the lecture by reading Goblin Market and the section on Feminist Literary History in the Aspects course reader, pp.63-71. Week 8: Dr Jenny Taylor: ‘Christina Rossetti and the Question of Feminist Literary History’ For your seminar, we want you to work through the three poems by Rossetti in the course reader in the light of the questions raised by the lecture and to compare them to the contemporaneous poems by Emily Dickinson in the Atlantic Studies and American pastoral section of the course reader, pp. 96. Second assignment for delivery in week 2 of the summer term. [see Sussex Direct]. What we want you to do for your second essay is to explore the idea of loco-descriptive verse and the walking or ‘ambulatory’ poem, examining the ways in which Wordsworth and Ammons have used these forms for metaphysical and religious explorations. You may write a walking poem for your final submission (no more than 30 lines) but with an auto-critique or justification amounting in total to 750 words. Or you may write a sonnet in the same on the building a) of Stanmer House in the 1700s or b) the University of Sussex in the 1960s — to explore a moment of profound historical transition. It would be useful to re-read Goldsmith’s The Deserted Village and the material on Enclosure and Emparking in the course reader before you embark on this (pp.53-58). You might take Sylvia Plath’s ‘Mayflower’ on page 49 as your model. Otherwise, you may write a comparative analysis of Wordworth’s ‘Tintern Abbey’ and of the Ammons poem. Or your tutor may set you an exercise which has arisen from discussions in your final seminar on Hardy. This exercise is 1000 words long. Week 9. Literary History: Transmission and Dissemination The eighth lecture will be given by Professor Norman Vance on pastoral and the loss of faith reflected in and through attitudes to nature in Romantic and post-Romantic poetry, focusing on the poems by Wordsworth, Shelley and Hardy in the course reader, pp.72-77. Please read the section on Literary History and Dissemination in the course reader, pp.47-51. Week 9: Prof Norman Vance: ‘The Decline of Nature: from Wordsworth to Hardy’. For your seminar, you will read the series of poems about birds and bird-song in the course supplement, [as well as poems by Hardy and Yeats in the course reader] linking the poet’s concerns with bird song and with flight to the possibility [or impossibility] of preserving the poetic tradition. How do scientific ideas – particularly those of Darwin – affect nineteenth century poetry? You will also consider the links between literary and intellectual history. Q. What do you think are the relationships between the Samuel Palmer ‘Pastoral Scene’ (1835) on the front cover of the course reader and nineteenth century preoccupations with secularisation? The Jo Francis essay cited in the course reader is useful for reading ‘Mont Blanc’; the Picot essay (like Francis’s essay in Artsfac in the Reserve Collection) is also very helpful. Summer Term: 2008 We expect you to undertake some preparation for the summer term by reading the ‘Atlantic Studies and American Pastoral’ section of the course reader and the ‘Atlantic Studies and American Pastoral’ section of the course supplement. The lecture titles for the summer term are as follows. You will be given details about the work to be undertaken during the vacation and in your term-time seminars at the end of the spring term.

Making People to Vote

I believe there are many ways to get people to vote, but I believe the main way is through education. When people are educated on a subject, they know about it and what to do with it. A lot of people are uneducated on voting, so they don't know things, like how to register and where to vote. If we educate the public on voting and the benefits of it, more people would vote. This essay will discuss some of the possible ways of educating the public on voting. One way would be to make an educational commercial aimed towards the younger people in our society. Kind of like what Rock The Vote did, but more informational. My commercial would inform people how to register, how to find out where the voting booth is, along with all the set backs of not voting. I would talk about how you're giving up your freedom by not voting, because you're letting someone else decide who should be in charge. I would also make it very clear that everyone's vote matters! That's another big problem, each individual feels that they can't make a difference, because â€Å"they're only one vote†. I would also talk about the importance of knowing the people running in the elections and what they stand for, because if you're uneducated, you really won't make a difference. This is basically what I would talk about and it would definitely be aimed towards younger people. Another way to get people to vote would be to have a required educational program in high schools, that teaches kids every thing they need to know in order to vote. This would work very well, because it would teach younger people how and why to vote. You could also discuss candidates, how to find out about them, and what they stand for. Another way would be to educate people through fliers and brochures. This would be a lot harder and wouldn't reach as many people, but it would still educate some. A better way would be through a national magazine that talked about the importance of voting and the candidates that are currently running. This would work very well, because you would be educating people and getting them excited to vote. Overall, there are many ways to get people to vote, but I personally believe that voting comes through education. I believe the best way to increase the voting, is to increase the education of it among younger people.

Case Study 7 - Tsutomu Shimomura Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case Study 7 - Tsutomu Shimomura - Assignment Example 2. Tsumoto felt that computer security could only be served while being on the path of the â€Å"White hat† rather than be at the dark side which Mitnick eventually was. Being on this path also allowed Tsumoto to get law enforcements help to take out the hacker which he would have not no matter how much successful he would have been in tracking the hacker. 3. I believe that Mitnick would not have been caught if Tsumoto didn’t get involved. Law enforcement were in a disadvantage as far as having the technical knowledge of tracking a hacker in concerned and only Tsumoto was in a perfect position to track the hacker, thus Tsumoto started the hunt for Mitnick which ultimately led to his arrest (Notable hackers - Securelist). 4. I believe that it’s rare to be a professional hacker and yet stay on the right side of the law. Lust for money, greed eventually lead many of the professional hackers to go in the path of dark side and thus eventually against the law. Too much professional pride, over confidence also results in going on the wrong path of the

Survey of World History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Survey of World History - Essay Example In this paper, we are going to take into consideration, the different cultural encounters that took place in various regions of the world from the 1800’s up to today. This paper would examine the chief wars that took place, the de- colonization of Africa, the Cold War and Japan’s opening to the outside world. One of the main wars that occurred due to military conflict was the â€Å"Vietnam War† which took place between Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia from 1959, (Bernard Fall, 1958) which came to an end only in 1975. The origins of the Vietnam War took place between the 1940’s and 1950’s with nationalists groups like the Ho Chi Minh’s ‘Viet Minh’ fighting against colonial rule. This war took place between the communists and the allies of North Vietnam against the South Vietnam government which was supported by the United States and other member nations of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) (American Experience, 1983) (Encyclopedia Britannica) the chief conflict that led to the war was North Vietnam’s desire to unify the whole country and bring it under the Communist regime. On the other hand, the government of South Vietnam battled to preserve Vietnam on the lines of the West. In the 1950’s a good number of military advisers introduced combat units that were trained and stationed in Vietnam. The Vietnam War was one of the worst wars in history destroying both life and property and raising the toll of casualties to about 2 million civilians, 1.1 million from north Vietnam, about 200,000 from the U.S. military forces and from south Vietnam the death toll was about 250,000 soldiers. Though Vietnam had emerged a recognized military power when the war ended, yet the scars of the war had not left them because their business, industries and agriculture suffered a great deal due to the countryside been destroyed by land mines, bombs and heavy defoliation. The cultural face of Vietnam was defaced by this tragic war. The aftermath of the

What is reality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

What is reality - Essay Example This world is very enchanting and we are enjoying the beauty and charm of this universe in the life we are living. We have all kinds of pleasures achievable from this universe with the aid of our sensory organs.But even after the limitless enjoyment of worldly objects a human being lurk happiness in real sense. It would be a surprising fact to explain that the real happiness in this world only comes from the right knowledge of the world and the self. All human beings have the desire for knowledge but if real knowledge is not connected with outside world. Only when one withdrew his senses from worldly object and concentrate on self then can he attain real knowledge. If we look from the view point of physical body and senses, we assume that the real knowledge is related only with world and its objects. This is because our physical needs and urges are met by physical world.According to article 1â€Å"Every organism is so to speak a nomadic being and it has a world of its own because it has experience of its own†. However if one search for real happiness he needs to go in depth to the urges of soul. On contrast, human culture and civilization always emphasized on external activities rather than internal ones. It is curious nature of man which changed his life, and it is that which persuaded him to turn towards cosmic nature and its power. The mythology and anthropology gave a new dimension to nature and revealed that which man cannot perceive with his sensory organs. A man is a creature which is always in search of himself and according to Socrates he should always be aware of his condition and existence†. But he have this limitation which does not allow him to see the real world .He is bound by mind, intelligence and ego and think what he sees in outside world is all that exist in real sense. We have senses which are restricted in nature and we cannot see things we are not supposed to see. There are lot of things in nature which cannot be viewed with our naked eyes. The rays like gamma and x-rays we cannot observe or comprehend with our senses but their power is beyond our knowledge. In the same way there exist cosmic rays and beyond is the power o f unknown which common men or scientists or physicians cannot understand. According to physical what we see as objects are nothing but matter composed of atoms, electrons and protons. It is the vibration of these makes the world appear as what it is .The quantum physics elaborating the physical universe with the help of time distance and mass. According to article 2â€Å"In its popular sense â€Å"mass† is just another word for weight. But as used by physicist, it denotes a rather different and more fundamental property of matter† The physicist also suggests that light has a dualistic nature which is very difficult to understand and comprehend. And it is reality that every minute particle of universe has something which is unknown attached to it. There is one void ness t o every thing which is related to an unknown source. This unknown reality is the cosmic power or otherwise knows as God or Almighty. However, the people in world live by metaphors that are connected to word rather than action or thought. The way we live our life is metaphorical and we identify every thing in this world relative to our thought and word. Our everyday life is metaphorical and every concept and objects of world are connected to each other. All objects and people in the world are identified with a word and nature .We work automatically in our life, it is mostly the intelligence and mind take the dominant position in our life. In the same way our language also plays a greater role in life by giving meaning to different objects and beings. For an example, the concept of argument is a verbal war and is related to war but there is no physical violence in it. Argument is a war but it is different from the real war. There is winning and losing in a war and an argument also hav e the same. These are different activities but fall in to a same category but we do not consider

Role of NGO's Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Role of NGO's - Research Paper Example The island was claimed by Spain in 1492. In 200 years later, France forced the Spanish out and practiced farming there, which was aided by slave laborers, most of whom came from Guinea in West Africa. By 1791, the slaves pulled efforts together to oppose colonial rule. Towards the end of 1803, the French armies under the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte ceded power and Haiti became independent in 1804. Immediately after the independence, the nation experienced serious problems of leadership and governance that has continued to destabilize the country up to date. The United States and other international community kept shifting between periods of engagement and non-engagement, but they did not offer Haiti any long-term solution its problems (Schwartz, 2008: 235). One of the most memorable leaders who have played a remarkable role in the country’s history is Aristide, who was ousted out of power in a coup by General Cedras Raoul in February 2004. Afterwards, a U.N. Security fore seen installation of interim force to restore order and form transitional government. Later, in 2006, Haiti held elections, but they were marred by violence after a run-off was called. In view of this background, it is clear that the crisis that is experienced in Haiti is mostly as a result of poor governance. This is especially as a result of lack of governmental capacity to serve the public effectively and efficiently. In particular, the government is left without the capacity to fight poverty or address the country’s most harmful impacts such as education and health, entrusting most of these functions to NGOs (Schwartz, 2008: 236). 1.2 Statement of Research Problem Most of Haitians are very poor, living on less than $2 a day, a situation that has been worsened by the inability of the Haitian government to provide basic services such as health care and education. This level of inefficiency by Haitian government was made evident in 2006, when the World Bank biennial ranked i t in the bottom 6 percent on government effectiveness and bottom 2 percent of countries on corruption (Buss, 2008: 256). Many NGOs commissioned by the international development community have attempted to bring Haiti on its foot, though they lack confidence in the government in performing its mandate especially regarding alleviation of poverty and improving the lives of Haitians. Similarly, the government circles raise complains that they are not consulted by the NGOs when choosing their projects. Most critics argue that many NGOs have failed to provide a long-term solution with their development projects, and rather opted to operate as relief agencies, providing temporary solutions such as giving poor citizens food on a daily basis (Haggerty, 1989: 25). With so many NGOs operating in Haiti, the role of government has been ignored, and the Haitian people have over relied on organizations that they did not elect into office. More so, the relationships between the NGOs and their donor s has continued to challenge the rights of the people of Haiti, yet these organizations have continued to amass a lot of wealth in the name of fighting poverty. One of the reasons given for the donors not dealing directly with NGOs rather than the government is the perception of widespread corruption in Haiti. There has been a discussion that the ongoing impression of widespread of corruption in the government can only be eliminated through promotion of good

Discussion 18 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion 18 - Coursework Example Despite that Nixon got to convince the audience of his transparency, he never made it obvious on how he spent the funds. The main goal of Nixon is hiding along, benefit from the public funds but retain the innocent look. He actually succeeded and this was to be seen in his rise to power in the following general elections. In 1968, the presidential candidate, Nixon, used his age as the factor to becoming the president of USA. In his argument, the majority of the country’s population was made of the young and therefore needed a young leader. In his argument, the young people makes the most productive population in the country and so did him. The fallacy was used to lure the young voters to think in favor of the candidate based on his age but not his potential performance (Vleet 33). It was used as a masqueraded argument where even the old were convinced that their children would flourish under the leadership of Nixon. Fallacies influence the hearer in making the wrong decision towards the topic. The hearer is tempted to think that the talker has all the solutions for his or her issues. Fallacies mislead the people as they are convinced by the wrong messages. Fallacies remind me of the presidential race between Obama and Romney. Romney used figures to attack Obama instead of showing his strengths in leading the country for the better

Analyzing Religions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analyzing Religions - Research Paper Example Like European, North American, South American and Australian countries represent majority population who are firm believers of Christianity. Similarly Middle East, South East Asia and some part of Africa represent majority of Muslim population. The people of Asia Pacific countries and some South Asian countries are Buddhism majority countries (DK Publishing 2004). There are more Christian believers (more than 2 billion) in the world than Muslim believers (more than 1.3 billion). The initial leaders of Christians were Jesus Christ himself and his early believers Peter and Paul (Lindberg 2009). Initial leaders of Muslim era include the Prophet Muhammad and his companions. The four companions of Prophet Muhammad are famous among the majority of the Muslims: Abu Bakr, Umar, Usman and Ali. These four companions of the Prophet Muhammad ruled over the Muslim states one after another respectively (Maps.com 1999). There are a lot of things common in Muslims and Christians. First of all, they are considered as Abrahamic religions. Both religions hail from Prophet Abraham. Secondly, Catholic and Muslim believe in the same GOD. The basic religious concepts of both religions are similar. For example, the concept of Prophets, Angels, Paradise, Hell, life after death and Fate are same between the Catholic and Muslim. Besides all these common viewpoints mentioned in above paragraph, there are also several conflicting beliefs between Muslims and Christians. The concept of GOD among the Christians is different than Muslims belief of GOD. The Christians believe in Trinity which defines God as three divine persons (or hypostases): the Father, the Son (Jesus Christ) and the Holy Spirit whereas Muslims strongly believe that the GOD is one and only. Some rituals and practices between the Christians and Muslims are of the similar nature and some rituals and practices are of the different nature. Like

London Olympics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

London Olympics - Essay Example Sustainability is not probable as long as the expansion of capital enlarges the ranks of the poor and impedes the access to the resources needed for mere survival (Adams. 1992). Capitalism no longer needs growing armies of unemployed to ensure low wages, nor need it control vast areas to secure regular access to the raw materials and primary products for its productive machine; these inputs are now assured by new institutional arrangements that modified social and productive structures to fit the needs of capital (Lewis. 1954). At present, however, great excesses are generated, excesses that impoverish people and ravage the regions. Profound changes are required to facilitate a strategy of sustainable development. Ecotourism development strategies may contribute to promoting a new form of dualism: a dual structure that permits people to rebuild the rural societies, produce goods and services in a sustainable fashion while expanding the environmental stewardship services they have alw ays provided (Sen. 1981). In the absolute analysis, it is rediscovered tha... J., C. J. M. Musters, et al. 1996). Even in the poorest of countries, social chasms not only prevent resources from being used to ameliorate the situation, but in fact compound the damage by forcing people from the communities and denying them the opportunities to develop their own solutions (Baker, S., M. Kousis, et al. 1997). For this reason, the search for sustainability involves a dual strategy: on the one hand, it must involve an unleashing of the bonds that restrain people from strengthening the organizations, or making new ones, to use the relatively meagre resources to search for an alternative and autonomous resolution to the problems. On the other hand, a sustainable development strategy must contribute to the forging of a new social pact, cemented in the recognition that the eradication of poverty and the democratic incorporation of the disenfranchised into a more diverse productive structure are essential. In an Olympic first, the new policy confirms London 2012's commitment to the innovative 'One Planet Olympics' theme, which links enhancement of the local environment and sustainable development initiatives to tackling global issues such as climate change. Sustainability, then, is about the struggle for diversity in all its dimensions (Barraclough. 1991). International campaigns to conserve germplasm, to protect endangered species, and to create reserves of the biosphere are multiplying in reaction to the mounting offensive, while communities and their hard pressed members struggle against powerful external forces to defend their individuality, their rights and ability to survive while trying to provide for their brethren. The concern for biodiversity, in its broadest sense, encompasses not only threatened flora and fauna, but also the

Building a learning community project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Building a learning community project - Essay Example ing at an age where plans for the future must be charted, the students’ perspectives for a fulfilling career are usually influenced by their interests and experiences. Hence, teachers must be knowledgeable in balancing teacher-directed learning and student-centred learning. A constructivist philosophy in the teaching-learning process is proposed. Ideally, career planning should begin early in a student’s life. As early as third or fourth grade, an Individual Career Development Plan (ICDP) should be started. This is a student notebook or portfolio containing information about their career interests including education and training opportunities and even exploration experiences (Hoerner, 1994). They are free to design their ICDP as they please because the more it is individualized to their preference, the more responsibility they will take in planning their lives, so they should be encouraged to carry their ICDP to all their classes, to take it home and share with parents, family and friends for feedback. Beginning a career plan in elementary school will help children have a focus around which they can relate their studies and extra-curricular activities. It is also important for teachers to nurture not only knowledge acquisition but also to include knowledge application. They need to think beyond the classroom and learn about possible careers their students may pursue when they go out into the world (Hoerner, 1994) Encouraging students to come up with their own ideas may be in the ambit of the teachers within the school premises. However, a bigger problem may lie outside school, specifically when the students go back to the community. The school, then, in envisioning success for such learner-centred learning must engage the community, most specifically the students’ parents and family members in supporting the students’ activities. Teachers must inculcate in the parents the significance of their cooperation and support if they indeed want their

The VAK Learning System Essay Example for Free

The VAK Learning System Essay The first evaluation is to find out if student learns better by hearing, seeing, or moving information as a part of processing it. Every person’s learning style is either or a combination of auditory, visual, or kinesthetic (tactile) in terms of the way he or she learns best. No particular style is better than the others; it is all about what works best for the individual. The learning styles are put together by a system in which is VAK. VAK stands for Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic (Tactile). The theory is one prefers to learn through one of these sense channels. Visual Learning Style learn through seeing . . . These learners need to see the teacher’s body language and facial expression to fully understand the content of a lesson. They tend to prefer sitting at the front of the classroom. They may think in pictures and learn best from visual displays including: diagrams, illustrated textbooks, overhead transparencies, videos, flipcharts, use of interactive whiteboards, and hand-outs. During a lesson or classroom discussions, visual learners often prefer to take detailed notes to absorb the information. Highlight important points in text. Use books on tapes. Use a tape recorder to tape lectures, presentations, directions, etc. Learn to use text glossary, indexes, appendices, chapter summaries, etc. Preview texts. Auditory Learning Style learn through listening . . . They learn best through verbal lessons, discussions, talking things through and listening to what others have to say. Auditory learners interpret the underlying meanings of speech through listening to the tone of voice, pitch, and speed. Written information may have little meaning until it is heard. These learners often benefit from reading text aloud and using a tape recorder. Discuss their ideas. Work in study groups. Recite information that is important to remember. Review printed material before auditory information is presented. Repeat back instructions just heard to check clarity. Kinesthetic (Tactile) Learning Style learn through moving, doing, and touching . . . Kinesthetic learners learn best through a hands-on approach, actively exploring the physical world around them. They may find it hard to sit still for long periods and may become distracted by their need for activity and exploration. Take frequent study breaks. Work at a standing position. Listen to music while they study. Bring some type of â€Å"grip toy† to class to hold on to. Skim through reading material to get a rough idea what it is about before sitting down to read it in detail. â€Å"No one person uses one style of learning exclusively, but they do have preferred learning styles. It is therefore important to attempt to cater for all learning styles during lessons to enable the most efficient learning to take place.†

Five Types Of Qualitative Research Psychology Essay

Five Types Of Qualitative Research Psychology Essay This essay will start by defining qualitative research, it will then continue to discuss Creswells five types of qualitative research. Each type of study will be discussed and an argument will be made supporting these qualitative research technique in an organisational context (over quantitative methods). The essay puts much emphasis on justifying qualitative research in organisations to positivists. It will conclude with a short summary of the provided arguments that justify qualitative research in organisations. Qualitative research can be defined as, any kind of research that produces findings not arrived at by means of statistical procedures or other means of quantification (Strauss and Corbin p.17). One might argue that in todays business world there is no room for qualitative research, but only for solid proven statistics. However, organisations are not just numbers and numeric devices it is important to realise that the most important asset of organisations are its people. The aim of qualitative research is to find out more about the human element within organisations, and looks for meaning behind the numbers. The definition of qualitative research by Strauss and Corbin (2007) is very broad. Creswell (2009) defines qualitative research as a means for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem. This definition narrows down qualitative research. Creswell also states that qualitative researchers can choose from a wide range of researching methods such as; open-ended questions, interview data, observation data, document data, audio-visual data, text and image analysis, emerging methods, and themes patterns and interpretations. He (2009) goes even further and puts forward five types of qualitative research; narrative research, phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory studies and case studies. Narrative Approach The narrative approach or the story telling approach is an account or a history of something. Storytelling is an effective tool in making sense of change; identifying who we are, and where we come from. According to Rouse and Boff (2005), human culture itself, rests to a large extent on our ability to capture real and imagined events as sequences of cause and effect (i.e. stories) and share these sequences (pg. 300). The need to share these experiences is crucial in the process of collective sense-making, which we can find all around us. Newspapers for example, were referred to by Philip Graham, are the first draft of history. We tell each other stories to make sense of our social environment, and these stories keep developing. In the cultural web of organisations proposed by Johnson, Scholes and Whittington (2006), they argue that stories are a key proponent to the organisations culture. They are devices for telling people what is important in the organisation (pg. 203). A narrative approach to understanding organisational theory is crucial as Zukier (1986) argues that most people think in a narrative fashion as opposed to paradigmatically or argumentatively (in Weick, 1995). Through a subjective, collective storytelling effort, an objective reality is created. Positivists however, seek the rational pursuit of factual truth (Thorpe and Holt, 2008: pg. 155), and criticise the narrative approach as being unreliable due to its subjective nature. However as Czarniawska (1998) explains, the perceived coherence of the sequence of events rather than the truth or falsity of story elements determines the plot and thus the power of the narrative as a story (pg. 5). When examining organisational culture, the validity of the stories told is not what is of essence, seeing as whether true or false, the story plays a hand in creating the culture. In the Laskarina case study by Brown, Humphreys and Gurney (2005) for example, employees were all familiar with the story of how t he founding couple of the company fell in love with Laskarina on their honeymoon. Whether this story is true or not, it is clearly a key aspect of the companys culture and as such is relevant to understanding the organisations identity. A positivist would fail to recognise this, as the subjectivity of respondents is replaced by the objectivity of the researcher whose voice is that of a disinterested scientist [who] is simply an informer of decision makers (Lincoln and Guba, 1994: pg. 112). We find in the Humphreys and Brown (2008) Credit Line case-study, storytelling efforts made by managers and others regarding their corporate social responsibility (CSR). Boonstra and Caluwe (2007) explain that, [As an organisation] you process what you find difficult, but you comment on the things that people are proud of (pg. 49). We find that at Credit Line, CSR is a top-down approach, where managers heavily promote social responsibility through storytelling. Again, regardless of the storys vali dity, the narrative approach provides insight into the corporate culture. Not only are crucial points overlooked with a positivistic framework, but a disinterested scientist is unlikely to engage the reader very well. During my internship, whilst trying to better understand cultural differences, I interviewed some of my colleagues to learn how they felt about the need to be secluded from the rest of the bank. I was surprised to receive a variety of responses; some felt it was unnecessary, while others were quite adamant. This plays to an advantage of narrative analysis; representing the organisation as encompassing a variety of viewpoints that coexist as polyphony. Phenomenology Phenomenology is a philosophical school of thought which aims to recognise the association between human consciousness and the social environment. Developed in the early twentieth century by Edmund Husserl, its existence is a result of the shortcomings of positivist mentality (Orleans, 2001). Husserl felt the predominant school of thought at the time precluded an adequate apprehension of the world (Husserl, 1931 in Orleans, 2001: pg. 1). The main issue is that positivists do not recognise the importance of the process of thought and the direct impact this has on ones environment, which is the essence of phenomenology. In an organisation (as in any other social setting), in order to understand its way of life, we must first understand the mindset of its members. Understanding the individual and collective sphere of human consciousness allows a level of intimate comprehension, far greater than would be possible with positivist methodology. Unlike positivism and other scientific methods , phenomenology does not produce propositions that can be empirically tested. Human consciousness and thought process is too complex for quantitative analysis. Furthermore the transferability of findings from one social environment to another is not possible. Organisational culture is a subject that can benefit from this type of qualitative analysis. The concept of culture is in itself a human construct. It is a shared experience between members of a particular society. According to Connor (2000), when studying organisational culture it is important the researcher enters the field without any predetermined problems or hypotheses that require solving or testing. Such a positivist approach can lead to an inadequate apprehension of the world (or at least of the organisation). An interesting aspect of social behaviour is that of common sense. This constitutes what the norm is in the organisation. Orleans (2001) claims, common sense serves as an ever present resource to assure actors tha t the reality that is projected from human subjectivity is an objective reality (pg. 4). Hence we find that through sense making an objective reality is created. This is because the organisational social environment and its culture are human constructs. A positivist approach in defining common sense would be inappropriate. A positivist researcher would take the process of thought for granted, as subjectivity in not encouraged. This would lead to a tainted view of the life-world. Upon starting my internship in Islamic banking during the summer, and entering the field, the most challenging aspect was the culture change (perhaps even culture shock) involved with being a western, non-Muslim working in Islamic banking. This became evident on my very first day, when I tried to introduce myself to a female colleague with a handshake. What I did not realise, was that her culture prohibited such physical contact with a stranger. Interestingly, their organisational culture was that of their religion, Islam. It governed their subjective thought processes and determined common sense, providing an objective social reality. The purpose of my project was to determine whether due to their cultural difference, if Islamic banking and conventional banking were compatible (i.e. ability to exist under a single corporate umbrella). If I were to have approached this study as a phenomenological researcher, I would be more interested in the thought processes of the employees. As suc h, I may seek to understand what the notion of cultural difference means to those working in Islamic Banking but for a Western organisation. The key theme of phenomenology is understanding how consciousness of the self affects reality. This is important not only for the members of the society (the subjects), but also for the researcher. Introspection is necessary to determine any effects the researchers presence may have on the social environment. Reflexivity is the chief aspect of Watsons (1995) study. Watson provides us his subjective sense-making process involved with how to write his paper, in the form of a dialogue with himself. In my case, as an outsider in Islamic Banking, it is possible my interpretation of the data can be wrong, as I am attempting to analyse the situation through a familiar (western) lens. As Levinas states, western ontologyis [the] reduction of the other to the categories of the same (Levinas in Kearney, 1995: pg. 183). Grounded Theory Grounded theory, in comparison to scientific methodology, is a reverse style research system developed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss. The basic process involves; coding the key points in a data set, using theoretic sensitivity to group codes into categories by looking for links, and formulating theories from these categories. The purpose being, that if completed correctly, the formulated theory is grounded in the data, and should perfectly fit the dataset. Glaser and Strauss realised at the time, sociological practice relied exclusively on quantitative analysis. Goulding (1999) refers to the research of the time as extreme empiricism or grand theory (Mills, 1959). According to Glaser and Strauss, the result was that theory had restricted empirical relevance, and grounded theory was their solution to shut this embarrassing gap between theory and empirical research (Glaser and Strauss, 1967: pg. vii). Their main objective was to derive theory from the data that could provide pred ictions, explanations, interpretations and applications (Glaser and Strauss, 1967, pg. 1). A positivistic quantitative method of data derived theory is the ANOVA process. However ANOVA is a simplistic additive model that fails to explain the complexities of the manner in which variables interact. Furthermore, unlike grounded theory, the ANOVA process does not necessarily take into account the entire dataset. Outlying data variables are deleted and not accounted for in the theory. Though grounded theory (if performed correctly) can better represent the dataset than quantitative methods, according to Strauss the theoretic development process determines the quality of the theory. Glaser and Strauss (1967), proposed that theory is never a finished product. Instead it is a work in progress that requires continuous updating. Theoretic development as a sustaining concept is relevant to organisational theory (e.g. culture). This is because an organisation is a work in progress as well. Mark et conditions change, competitors come and go, and organisational culture needs to adapt. Unlike positivistic methodology, a grounded theorist enters the field without preconceived hypotheses that need to be tested, resulting in a better understanding of the organisations true naturalistic situation (Douglas, 2003). Positivists such as Haig (1995) argue that constructing hypotheses prior to entering the field is necessary because a researcher must identify a specific question that needs to be researched. A grounded theorist can enter the field having a general reason for undertaking the specific research. This does require the formulation of hypotheses and hypothetical problems. In Jefferys (1979) study Normal Rubbish, he identified the casualty department at the NHS had problems, and that it was an undesirable place to work, before entering the field. Formulating hypotheses as to why this was the case at this stage would not have been fruitful. Through conducting qualitative resear ch (interviews, participant observation, etc) Jefferey was able to identify links through the language used by doctors and staff (good patients, rubbish, etc). By adopting such an emergent theory development process, Jefferey discovered the culture that was associated with the casualty staff at the NHS. Douglas (2003) found that when grounded theory is applied in the organisational context, theory emerged from empathising the ways in which respondents construct their reality, their world (pg. 53). That is, grounded theory enables understanding of how the organisation views itself in the context of its environment. Through appreciation of the interactions and processes of the organisation in its natural setting, its culture can be understood. Grounded theory is a complex process, which if fulfilled, provides many benefits. Due to its advantages, many researchers claim to have fully undertaken the process, but few actually do (i.e. cook the carrot for the full nine hours). While conducting my study on the culture of Islamic banking I did not use a grounded theory approach due to my lack of experience and understanding. Van Maanen (1979) emphasises the importance of recognising the issues in their natural context. This is especially important in the case of understanding organisational culture. By formulating a theory, without forming prior hypotheses and being purely grounded in the data, we can appreciate the organisations true nature. Ethnography Ethnography is a descriptive style of study on human society. In terms of studying organisational culture (or any culture), ethnography is arguably the most relevant methodology that can be utilised. Ethno-graph literally translates to, culture- writing. Ethnography has its roots in colonialism, in the quest to learn about the other and their culture. It is of little surprise that ethnography was developed outside the United States (Kenya, Samoa, Bali, Brazil) (Schwartzman, 1993: pg. 1). Ethnography is a reality-based research system which is placed in the context of the subjects life. This is more effective than quantitative methodology as the research is grounded in the respondents natural setting, and does not require the participant to place themselves in hypothetical situations (such as when answering questionnaires). This is crucial as there can be a difference between what participants do as opposed to what they say. Mariampolski (2005) points out that participant observation is an advantage since a respondents self disclosure can be idealised, obscured and poorly recalled (pg. 10). As such, ethnography provides an insight into the organisations social setting through understanding the respondents interactions with it. Positivistic methodology however, lacks engagement of the natural setting. For example, by defining variables such as gender, expectations, and pay-level of participants, positivists can determine the level of correlation. However this is not helpful in explaining the social world as experienced by its social actors. We need to ask, what is the meaning behind the numbers? Mariampolski (2005) points out that ethnography is the closest a researcher can get to the respondent. Given this, she questions why it has taken over one hundred years for qualitative research to become popular in organisations (such as marketing firms conducting consumer brand research). Similar to the findings of Glaser and Strauss (1967) and Edmund Husserl (1931), pos itivist mentality used to be the norm. In such a world anything can be objectively perceived and counted. This makes life easier for managers, who need to worry about consumer targets and budget reports. However Mariampolski (2005) points out that the positivistic methodology is a fantasy. It fails to understand the complexities of human behaviour and fails as a predictive tool (Mariampolski, 2005: pg. 13). Spradley (1979) defines culture as, the acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social behaviour (pg. 5). In essence, it is a group of peoples way of life, and cannot be measured through quantitative techniques. As mentioned earlier ethnography aims to understand the other in our terms (i.e. by us, for us). However auto-ethnography is an autobiographical style of writing, where the researcher investigates a familiar culture for non-members of that society. The benefit of this is that the reader is provided with a genuine account of a social environ ment by a member of that culture. Hence the concern of misinterpreting data by viewing it through a familiar lens is overcome. Positivist methodology does not benefit from such valuable insight, as the researchers role in minimised in the outcome of the study. The study I compiled while doing my internship in Islamic banking was definitely of an ethnographic nature. I was the first non-Muslim to work in that division at the bank, and that made me feel as though I were back in the days of colonialism, setting off to learn about the other and their culture, so that I could bring my findings back to the West and report them (to my university). In order to understand a society, entering the field is necessary. For example, prior to arriving in Dubai, one of the aspects of Islamic banking I did not understand was their need for segregation from all other operations of their own organisation. However upon entering the field, I learned that according to Shariah law (the Islamic law), the Islamic banking division of an organisation cannot have any affiliation with any conventional banking operations. Other than having to be physically separated, Islamic banking earnings and funds cannot be reported along with conventional banking earnings. In fact within the organisation, the Islamic banking division operated like an independent sub-organisation, which included its own name. As Mariampolski (2005) explains, ethnography is holistic in that one needs to piece together the respondents world, through utilising inner and outer-world elements that can only be identified upon entering the field. Conclusion The colonial days of travelling to unchartered territories to research an unknown tribe of people in their local setting may be over. Today, organisations provide the perfect social environment. Corporate culture varies not only across national boundaries but from organisation to organisation. Quantitative methods, though useful in understanding certain aspects of organisational theory, is unable to explicate the human dimension of organisations. Through the use of the mentioned qualitative research techniques, valuable insight can be gained into many aspects of an organisation, not just culture. Which qualitative technique to choose, depends on the nature of the study at hand. It has been shown that there is a definite benefit (if not requirement) of using qualitative analysis in an organisational context. Eigentlich Intro This is because positivists are usually sceptical of qualitative methods and undergo technical and quantitative training. The disadvantages of positivistic methodology in organisational research will be emphasised. The purpose of this is not to prove one is better than the other. But to justify the need for qualitative research, the shortcomings of positivistic, quantitative methodology must be emphasised. As a student of Corporate Strategy and Governance, I understand the significance of corporate culture. It is an organisations identity and has been described by some as its soul. For the purpose of this study understanding an organisations culture will be the focus of the justification of qualitative research in organisational studies. This is because quantitative research is unable to explain organisational culture. My interest in corporate culture also arises because I have undertaken field research in the area before. In the summer of 2007, I applied for an internship in Islamic banking with a large English multinational bank in Dubai. Other than gaining practical exposure to the field, my primary motivation was to conduct research for a strategy based assignment I had been given for university. As a westerner I was looking forward to understanding the cultural differences between Islamic banking and conventional banking. Wherever appropriate, I try to relate my experiences. Word Count: 3,200

Value Chain Analysis:

Value Chain Analysis: Primary Activities: Research and Development: The Coca-Cola Company has invested more than $60 million to build the worlds largest plastic-bottle-to-bottle recycling plant and support recycling. â€Å"The Coca-Cola Company is a company with the power to transform the marketplace, and the introduction of the â€Å"PlantBottleà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢Ã¢â‚¬  is yet another great example of their leadership on environmental issues†( Carter Roberts, President and CEO of World Wildlife Fund, U.S). Interactive vending machines Climate friendly coolers. Production: Amatils association with Cocacola date back to 1964 and from then, Coca Cola Amatil ruling the roost in Australian Non alcholic beverage industry. CCA manufactures wide range of carbonated drinks like Coca Cola, Diet coke, Vanilla Coke, Sprite etc.,and recently started manufacturing well being products like fruit juices, water, low calorie carbonated drinks. After acquiring SPC Ardmona in 2004, CocaColaAmatil also entered the food manufacturing and distribution business. CocaCola Amatil manufactures its finished products from the concentrate and beverage base supplied by THE CocaCola Company. http://www.ccamatil.com.au/australianProducts.asp Marketing and Sales: Through out the century of existence, the name â€Å"Coca Cola† became its own marketing symbol. The name itself is perceived as a epitome of brand value and quality by the millions of its customers. CCA mainly bank its marketing strategy on the availability of its products to the customers. â€Å"By being part of the Coca-Cola system CCA has access to the worlds most popular branded beverages supported by strong advertising and unique marketing properties. CCA and TCCC are working together to utilise their complementary skills and assets, to profitably build consumption in each of our market†. TCCCs main marketing strategy include heavy advertising and promotion by sponsoring sports events and roping international celebrities as brand ambassadors. TCCC funds the marketing activities of coming up with new brands and different packaging plans. The sales and marketing plans are developed together by both the companies every year using their skills and assests. Affiliation: CCA and TCCC are affiliated to the communities in which they operate from sponsoring development programs of physical fitness and life style skills to sponsoring major sporting events. CCA also participates in assisting the communities in the time of any natural disasters. â€Å"CCA and TCCC have established foundations in Australia and Indonesia to provide assistance to community development activites to assist young people to realise their potential.† Customer Service: CocaCola Amatil has a national call center â€Å" Coke Connect† which undertakes all the consumer enquiries and customer requests by giving accurate, clear and prompt service. The consumer information center with in the coke connect takes all the consumer feedback and then feed the information at the organisation level through out the world and also be included in its monthly management report and the feedback is considered in making business decisions. By knowing what customer needs and thinks, CCA is always keep itself in delivering best customer service possible. http://www.ccamatil.com.au/customers_consumers.asp Support Activities: Human resources: Coca Cola is built on its core assests of its people and its brand value. Coca Cola believes that the work place should be a place which involves with creativity, innovation, professional relationships and professional growth. Coca Cola has 92400 associates world wide and many more supportive staff of which 86% are from outside United states which makes CocaCola inculcate its business environment with local culture of its employees and keep learning from this local cultures as cultures matters a lot in the success of a product in a local community. CocaCola follows a decentralised system in decision making in which it tries to incorporate ideas and concepts from its employees and passing them across all the departments for further evaluation. Infrastructure: CocaCola established its trademark since its inception in 1986 in United states. The companys every operation from manufacturing to delivering is supported by its strong infrastructure base. Some companies like spherion, Jones lang lasalle, IBM, Ogilveyand mather,prudential provide TCCC with basic ingredients and bottling and delivery machines. The Logistic operations of CocaCola Amatil in Australia is outsourced to LINFOX logistics which assisting Coca Cola to keep it value in delivering. This understanding between Linfox and Coca Cola may help TCCC to come up new products and its new logistic demands can be met in time. http://wotnews.com.au/news/Linfox Core Competency Analysis: Brand Value: People relate themselves to the brand value of a company. A brand value makes the consumer choices easy and this brand image gives the company a competitive edge over its rivals. Brand value brings trust in customers and it takes a lot of investment to keep the brand image intact over the years and this Coca colas strong brand identity through out the years rose its sales into an unprecedented levels. In 2007, TCCCc brand value is 44.13 billion US$ and it was regarded as the worlds fourth powerful brand only lying behind Microsoft, Google and GE, as per the Millward Browns BrandZ index. The TCCCs greater brand value allows its consumers revisit and makes its entry into a new market easy. Large Scale of Operations: CocaCola beverage products are available easier than water in this world. We will find CocaCola vending machines in almost every educational institution of the world and their easy access in public places. The main advantage of CocaCola is its easy availability than any of its rivals. Innovation: Innovation is a heart of any company which continously strive to make any difference in the competitive environment. Differentiation in its products gives CocaCola a edge in attracting many customers or consumers. Coca Cola displays its ability to innovate in its products, equipment, packaging and in the external environment. It recently launched its ‘JIANCHI health product in Milan, which inculcates 5000 years of chinese wisdom in that bottle. TCCC also invested 60 million in building a bottle to bottle recycle or reuse plant in North America as part of its mission to recycle 100% of its products. It also came with innovative climatic friendly vending machines or coolers which reduced carbon emission by 99% and has a smart detective system which reduce energy use by 35%. Performance Analysis: Any companys performance whether it is small or large can be analysed by taking its financial figures into consideration. In todays business world, It is reality that numbers count a lot than anything else in analysing a companys performance. Coca Cola witnessed Net operating revenue growth of 11%, operating income growth of 16% and unit case volume growth of 5%. CocaCola holds 1st position worldwide in terms of sparkling beverages, juices and juice drinks and ready to drink coffees and teas, comes 2nd in terms of sports drink and 3rd in terms of packaged water and energy drinks. Portfolio Analysis: TACCs motive of â€Å" A beverage for every need† is the energy behind CocaColas success with more than 3000 products in more than 190 countries. The company head quartered in Atlanta, Georgia, employs nearly 71000 people (In Year 2006) and 74% of its products were sold outside United States. Its portfolio includes 13 billion dollar brands and has a company associates of 92400 people world wide. The CocaCola Company has different strategic business units for its product types like Sports drink, Juice drinks, Squash, Water, Low sugar soft drinks, general soft drinks and energy drinks. 49.9% of all coke products are sugar free. http://www.cokecorporateresponsibility.co.uk/marketplace/developing-our-portfolio/changing-our-portfolio.html Portfolia of Coca Cola includes many brands which evolved throught out the history of Coca cola and some of the brands include Barqs, CocaCola, Coke zero, Diet Coke, Glaceau, Fanta, Minute maid, Fuze, Thumsup, Vault, Powerade etc.,. CocaCola touches 1.5 billion lives a day. Coca Cola added 200+ juice and juice drink products to its portfolio in 2008 and accommodated 700+ low calorie or no calorie products in its profile. In Australia, CocaCola Amatil acquired SPC ARDMONA in 2004 which is a food manufacturing brand and this may help CocaCola in establishing strategic business unit for manufacturing chips. http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/presscenter/nr_20090514_plantbottle.html Now a days, Coca Cola is much about health and wellness.

South Beach Diet Essay -- Health, Diet

History of South Beach Diet The South Beach Diet is a diet plan designed by cardiologist Arthur Agatston and dietician Marie Almon. In 1995, Dr. Agatston developed a diet to prevent heart disease for his cardiac and diabetes patients. According to the South Beach Diet website, Agatstaion knew that a low-fat diet would reduce cholesterol and prevent heart disease, but patients had a hard time sticking to the diet. Agatson wanted to find out the reason why his patients had a hard time sticking to the low-fat diet. So he turned to David Jenkins, who was working with insulin resistance. After researching with Jenkins, Agatstion found out the reason why the low-fat diets was not working because patients on low-fat diets where consuming more simple sugars and carbohydrates which was causing the insulin resistance and cycles of hunger. Also Agastaion was investigating the low-carbohydrate diet but he felt it didn’t have enough fiber and had too much saturated fats. Agagaston wanted balance in his diet so it wou ld produce the best results. (South Beach Diet Online, 2010) Agatstion made the The South beach Diet based on eating healthy carbohydrates and fats and eliminating the bad carbohydrates and fats. According to Mary Hager in her article â€Å"The South Beach Solution†, the South Beach beach diet cuts out the bad fats which are the saturated fats that include hydrogenated oils and trans fat. Also it cuts down the bad carbohydrates, the refined and process foods. Hager states â€Å"His plan emphasizes eating the good fats--olive and canola oils--and good carbs, including vegetables, legumes and whole grains.†(Hager,2004,p.63) After Agatston developed the South diet based on these principles, he started to do assessments on his patients who... ...on how to follow Phase 1 (the first two weeks) and Phase 2 (the next ten weeks) of the South Beach Diet, eating three meals and two snacks per day.† The results of the research showed that after Phase 1, the participants descrease weight, body percentage, and waist circumference. The results by the participants blood tests and the researchers concluded that the South Beach Diet helped the participants with their loss of weight and body fat. Evaluate the Nutritional Adequacy of the Diet South beach Diet during the first phase is not a well balance diet. Phase 1 focuses on mainly the meat, vegetable, diary, and oil food groups; leaving out the grains and fruit group. In order to well balance diet you need to have all the groups incoraprated into the diet. After Phase 2 the diet is less restricted and is more balanced because it incorporates all the food groups. South Beach Diet Essay -- Health, Diet History of South Beach Diet The South Beach Diet is a diet plan designed by cardiologist Arthur Agatston and dietician Marie Almon. In 1995, Dr. Agatston developed a diet to prevent heart disease for his cardiac and diabetes patients. According to the South Beach Diet website, Agatstaion knew that a low-fat diet would reduce cholesterol and prevent heart disease, but patients had a hard time sticking to the diet. Agatson wanted to find out the reason why his patients had a hard time sticking to the low-fat diet. So he turned to David Jenkins, who was working with insulin resistance. After researching with Jenkins, Agatstion found out the reason why the low-fat diets was not working because patients on low-fat diets where consuming more simple sugars and carbohydrates which was causing the insulin resistance and cycles of hunger. Also Agastaion was investigating the low-carbohydrate diet but he felt it didn’t have enough fiber and had too much saturated fats. Agagaston wanted balance in his diet so it wou ld produce the best results. (South Beach Diet Online, 2010) Agatstion made the The South beach Diet based on eating healthy carbohydrates and fats and eliminating the bad carbohydrates and fats. According to Mary Hager in her article â€Å"The South Beach Solution†, the South Beach beach diet cuts out the bad fats which are the saturated fats that include hydrogenated oils and trans fat. Also it cuts down the bad carbohydrates, the refined and process foods. Hager states â€Å"His plan emphasizes eating the good fats--olive and canola oils--and good carbs, including vegetables, legumes and whole grains.†(Hager,2004,p.63) After Agatston developed the South diet based on these principles, he started to do assessments on his patients who... ...on how to follow Phase 1 (the first two weeks) and Phase 2 (the next ten weeks) of the South Beach Diet, eating three meals and two snacks per day.† The results of the research showed that after Phase 1, the participants descrease weight, body percentage, and waist circumference. The results by the participants blood tests and the researchers concluded that the South Beach Diet helped the participants with their loss of weight and body fat. Evaluate the Nutritional Adequacy of the Diet South beach Diet during the first phase is not a well balance diet. Phase 1 focuses on mainly the meat, vegetable, diary, and oil food groups; leaving out the grains and fruit group. In order to well balance diet you need to have all the groups incoraprated into the diet. After Phase 2 the diet is less restricted and is more balanced because it incorporates all the food groups.

Jim Jones Essays -- Cult Suicide Essays Papers

Jim Jones The mass suicides, that took place under the influence of Reverend Jim Jones, can be explained from a sociological perspective. By looking at how the group dynamics played into the outcome one gets a better idea of the whys? of the massacre. The sociological explanation is but one way to explain this horrific event. It is , however, the only one explored in this essay for reasons of concision. At one level, the deaths at Jonestown can be viewed as the product of obedience, of people complying with the orders of a leader and reacting to the threat of force. In the Peoples Temple, whatever Jim Jones commanded, the members did. When he gathered the community at the pavilion and the poison was brought out, the populace was surrounded by armed guards who were trusted lieutenants of Jones. There are reports that some people did not drink voluntarily but had the poison forced down their throats or injected. While there were isolated acts of resistance and suggestions of opposition to the suicides, excerpts from a tape, recorded as the final ritual was being enacted, reveal that such dissent was quickly dismissed or shouted down. Jim Jones utilized the threat of severe punishment to impose the strict discipline and absolute devotion that he demanded, and he also took measures to eliminate those factors that might encourage resistance or rebellion among his followers. Research showed that the presence of a "disobedient" partner greatly reduced the extent o which most subjects in the Milgram situation (1965) obeyed the instructions to shock the person designated the "learner." Similarly, by including just one confederate who expressed an opinion different from the majority's, Asch (1955) showed that the subject would also agree far less, even when the "other dissenters" judgment was also incorrect and differed from the subjects. In the Peoples Temple, Jones tolerated no dissent, made sure that members had no allegiance more powerful than to himself, and tried to make the alternative of leaving the Temple an unthinkable option. Analyzing Jonestown in terms of obedience and the power of the situation can help to explain why the people acted as they did. Once the Peoples Temple had moved to Jonestown, there was little the members could do other than follow Jim Jones's dictates. They were comforted by an authority of absolute power. They were l... ...ons consistent with the ideology and policy are good. The individual conscience is not reliable. Under these conditions the individual expects humiliation, ostracism and punishment because of his inability to live up to the criteria and lives in a constant state of guilt and shame. Since the organization is the ultimate judge of good and evil, this guilt and shame is used to manipulate and control members. The organization becomes an authority without limit in the eyes of members and their power is nowhere more evident that in their capacity to "forgive". We live in a dangerous world, a world often caught in the midst of disastrous group dynamics. Cult leaders use their knowledge to bemire the minds of unsuspecting victims. Until, recently cult's were able to run freely in public without anything more than slight amusement at the dress or the ethereal spouting. There was a time in the not so distant past that cult members were allowed to approach anyone in a place as public as an airport to share their ‘beliefs' and their tainted language. They were allowed access to our children and to our minds. It has been a long time coming, but the world is finally catching on.

How do the three poems To His Coy Mistress, The Sick Rose and Essay

How do the three poems To His Coy Mistress, The Sick Rose and Sonnet 138 convey the imperfect nature of love? Each of the three poems conveys the imperfect nature of love in one way or another. Personally I feel that love can never be perfect as there are always going to be arguments that arise in any relationship. I think that two people can love each other but it will never be perfect unless there is complete trust and understanding in all situations. Another reason is that there is no such thing as perfection so therefore everything can always be better. The three poems that I am comparing are ‘To His Coy Mistress’, Andrew Marvell (1621-78), ‘The Sick Rose’, William Blake (1757-1827) and ‘Sonnet 138’, William Shakespeare (1564-1616) None of the poems portray a romantic idea of love, but more the dark side of it. Each shows a different aspect of love. However they all show that love is not perfect. Although each poem deals with the imperfect nature of love, they each have their own diverse theme. ‘To His Coy Mistress’ is about sexual desire and basically the poet trying to get his mistress into bed. In this poem the man is trying to persuade and pressure the woman. We then have a poem that can also be interpreted as sexual. An example of the sexual implications of te poem is however this poem’s interpretation is more down to the reader and how they view it. Even with its many interpretations ‘The Sick Rose’ essentially gives a warning about the dangers that love can bring. The third poem has no similarities within the theme as the others do. ‘Sonnet 138’ deals with the imperfect nature of love through the form of lies within a relationship. We can see similarities between the themes of ‘To His Co... ...e similarities within the tones but William Shakespeare’s is completely different to both of them. This poem is more thoughtful and advising. It starts as thoughtful then begins to become questioning. At the end it then develops a tone of resignation. Overall in my opinion ‘The Sick Rose’ is the poem that depicts the imperfect nature of love best. This is because it is the most serious of the poems and it is the one that contains the most warnings. In the other two poems there is a feeling of happiness. Even in ‘To His Coy Mistress’ there is a sense of love in the relationship. ‘The Sick Rose’ however does not give any feelings of happiness but instead reveals a rather dark side of love that nobody would like to be part of. It shows more the pain involved in love. The poem shows that even although people feel love it may not necessarily make them happy. How do the three poems To His Coy Mistress, The Sick Rose and Essay How do the three poems To His Coy Mistress, The Sick Rose and Sonnet 138 convey the imperfect nature of love? Each of the three poems conveys the imperfect nature of love in one way or another. Personally I feel that love can never be perfect as there are always going to be arguments that arise in any relationship. I think that two people can love each other but it will never be perfect unless there is complete trust and understanding in all situations. Another reason is that there is no such thing as perfection so therefore everything can always be better. The three poems that I am comparing are ‘To His Coy Mistress’, Andrew Marvell (1621-78), ‘The Sick Rose’, William Blake (1757-1827) and ‘Sonnet 138’, William Shakespeare (1564-1616) None of the poems portray a romantic idea of love, but more the dark side of it. Each shows a different aspect of love. However they all show that love is not perfect. Although each poem deals with the imperfect nature of love, they each have their own diverse theme. ‘To His Coy Mistress’ is about sexual desire and basically the poet trying to get his mistress into bed. In this poem the man is trying to persuade and pressure the woman. We then have a poem that can also be interpreted as sexual. An example of the sexual implications of te poem is however this poem’s interpretation is more down to the reader and how they view it. Even with its many interpretations ‘The Sick Rose’ essentially gives a warning about the dangers that love can bring. The third poem has no similarities within the theme as the others do. ‘Sonnet 138’ deals with the imperfect nature of love through the form of lies within a relationship. We can see similarities between the themes of ‘To His Co... ...e similarities within the tones but William Shakespeare’s is completely different to both of them. This poem is more thoughtful and advising. It starts as thoughtful then begins to become questioning. At the end it then develops a tone of resignation. Overall in my opinion ‘The Sick Rose’ is the poem that depicts the imperfect nature of love best. This is because it is the most serious of the poems and it is the one that contains the most warnings. In the other two poems there is a feeling of happiness. Even in ‘To His Coy Mistress’ there is a sense of love in the relationship. ‘The Sick Rose’ however does not give any feelings of happiness but instead reveals a rather dark side of love that nobody would like to be part of. It shows more the pain involved in love. The poem shows that even although people feel love it may not necessarily make them happy.

Global Warming Essay

Every day we go about our own business. Many of us never take the time to look around and see how we are affecting our earth’s atmosphere. Everywhere you look today you are bound to see some factory or machinery polluting our air. Just think how many times you have seen those large semi trucks or big fossil fuel factories emitting thick dark smoke into the atmosphere. We need to come to reality and realize that all that polluting we have been doing over the last half-century is finally catching up to us. It is very easy to detect through scientific research that our earth’s climate is changing, Time magazine reports in its 2004 issue that the earth’s average temperature is increasing at a steady rate. Yes, we all have heard the term â€Å"global warming†, however many people don’t know in depth what global warming is, or how our actions will affect our earth if we don’t respond to the issue. If we can educate ourselves on what global warming is and how it will affect us in the near and far future, we can then begin to change our old habits of polluting and create new habits and goals to living in a much healthier and cleaner environment. During the earliest times, the life-styles of our ancestors were very simple. The air they breathed was clean. The streams were clear and free of harmful organisms. They used natural fertilizers for their agricultural crops. The surroundings were free of household throwaways. Today, there has been a tremendous growth in science and technology. Such advances have brought about changes in terms of new products, improved equipment, and more effective methodologies. Unfortunately, this same technology which made life easier for us produced wastes which are now affecting the quality of our surrounding air, water, and land. Factories and motor vehicles send tons of pollutants into our air. Excessive air pollution poses a danger to our health and environment. It can likewise cause stunted growth and even death to our plants. Out streams are polluted by discharges from industrial plants that use chemicals. Garbage and sink wastes are carelessly thrown in our surroundings. Synthetic fertilizers and insecticides pollute our land and farm products. At the same time, the burning of fossil fuels, particularly coal and oil, produces sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides which are hazardous to the atmosphere. Findings show that a single smokestack may produce as much as 500 tons of sulfur dioxide a day. When these gases combine with oxygen and moisture, sulfuric acid and nitric acid is formed. The rain will carry the acids to the ground (acid rain) which may cause the depletion of calcium and magnesium in the soil, elements needed by plants for the formation of chlorophyll and wood, or it may cause the release of aluminum in the soil, which are poisonous and can kill the roots of trees. How can we take care of our environment? We must undertake measures to preserve our resources and minimize utilization of energy before it’s too late. Our fight against pollution is an initial step toward conserving our environmental resources and energy. We must all join hands for this common goal. Furthermore, of all issues affecting humanity, climate change is the most pervasive and truly global, posing a very real and serious threat to our environment. Climate change is the alteration of the pattern of global climate that may be due to human activity that alters the composition of the atmosphere.

Multispectral Imaging

Multi apparitional flick is occasiond oven an extremely grand spectral domain. It started with NASA apply the proficiency for transmit imaginativeness using kilometer-length radio waves, to the proficiency be utilise by rhetorical science using glitter in the transp bent to the near infr bed frequency region, to medical rhetoricals using MeV gamma rays (National Research Council 1998) The engagement of Multispectral resource in forensics and law enforcement for the interrogative of a wide variety of evidences is a field that is growing but has non yet r severallyed the state of being a universally accepted practice.The proficiency is being use for analyzing photographic and video establish evidence, and similarly for DNA outline in recent times (Lanir 2005) Using Multispectral visualise has twain advantages as sound as certain disadvantages in the analysis of a circumstance. In addition, there argon more than or less pre-requisites wished which make the approach extra to certain situations. All these points are discussed by and by in this section. Advantages of Multispectral Imaging Technique 1.Advantage oer naked-eye viewing bit a merciful eye has the capability of differentiating between millions of colour in and various combinations it is obvious that the perception is ordinarily dependant on a mixed bag of different wavelength. In new(prenominal) words, the eat up spectral knowledge as get by eyes is still in work out. The evidence for this is because the visible portion of light, no enume stray the degree of its complexity, is still divided into the tercet basic glossinesss red, green and blue. Multispectral imagery sens generate the straight and cop optic spectra at e genuinely pixel.Finally and date touch on packet can be employ for getting the maximum information from each of the pixels (Condea , Haneishia, Yamaguchia , Ohyama & Baaz J 2007) This baron non be accepted important and might i ntoxicatem homogeneous overkill for regular vision. and in mooring of forensics, where the actual and comminuted data is necessary, this capability fabricates genuinely stabilizing as the data is endedly examine. Differences in spectra can be use for the accurate detective work of foreign particles in a terrain or differences in finger prints from different individuals .Advantage over photographic cameras Forensic science is the transport and preservation of accurate character. Conventional color films and digital color cameras similarly burst out the various colors combinations in RGB, so the information is ripe as faulty as seen with a naked eye. Hence, multispectral imaging scores over using these equipments as well (Chieu 2001) In addition, multispectral imaging can be utilise in vault of heavens which are pathless ad can give sincere multi-temporal readings. The area set forth of the flick is also more than what is for a digital camera.Also, until very re cently the use of numerical addressing was fairly restricted in the camera systems. Finally, Multispectral imaging also offers light fading techniques (West impart & Ripamonti 2004) 3. Avoid Contamination of the wickedness pellet One of the advantages provided by using multispctral imaging is that there is no need for unbroken physical contact with the curse expression. This distinction helps in two types of investigations. In theme of analyzing a abuse scene for evidence, the immutable contact message contamination which can be avoided because the multispectral imaging can be stricklen aerially.This feature is also used in the forensic analysis of old-fashioned accounts where the contact with the document should be minimal. In such cases the document can be reconstructed with minimum contact. The aerial get word taking capability also helps in dangerous locations also, as in the case of finding the location of a exploitfield. The initial identification of a minefi eld helps in localizing the area using an airborne multi-band camera. Using light in both the visible and infrared region minefield having both surface mines and well as buried mines can be detected (Sjokvist Lundberg Gu & Ulvko n. . )4. Time and comprise Saving Using multispectral imaging the complete analysis can be through with(p) faster than using conventional methods and also cost for producing the same results using the other spectroscopic methods is much costlier. This is because, the wide range of operation of multispectral technique i. e. from ultraviolet to visible to thermal infra red, specifys that umteen different physical parameters can be analyzed simultaneously. Also the data has no major spatial co-registration hassles.As an example in case of medical diagnostics and forensics, the user interface used for multispectral imaging is open to use and also much cheaper than conventional systems want the 7T MR scanner. Disadvantages of Multispectral Imaging techni que Multispectral imaging in non without its faults. Some of them are primarily due to he budget and requirement of the individual area where multispectral imaging is used. 1. pad Image non provided Multispectral imaging does not provide complete 3D examine. The mind is that this technique does not offer any(prenominal) method to separate the effect of submersion from scatterSpatial dissolver Multispectral imaging due to its optical nature does not provide for complete spatial resolution. Some ways that lose been suggested is to examine by contrasting with IR image but with acoustic resolution. In the case of detection of landmines, the chore is that composition the technique can judge the front line or absence of mine over an area, the small location cannot be pinpointed. This means that the technique can be just used to find if the area is pollute by mines, but the detected rate of each single mine is not high (Sjokvist Lundberg Gu & Ulvko n. d. )System complexne ss depth psychology of complex systems poses a problem when multispectral imaging is used. This tendency increases as the system complexity increases. For example , in case of mine detection, the mine field is assumed to catch a near perfect coalescency which is not always possible in case of real time environments (Sjokvist Lundberg Gu & Ulvko n. d. ) 2. Noise Vulnerability This is one of the hypercritical requirements of any forensic detection techniques. Multispectral image by its very nature are sensitive to any pollutants, which is why the crime scene has to be assumed to be clean from any external influences.The spectral features of any foreign body is more important that its chemical or biological properties, which raises the probability of mis pull ins as all environmental substances have broad spectral absorbance bands (Miskelly & Wagner 2005) 3. Complexity of analysis A crime scene can be considered to have a limited number of objects having distinct spectral charact eristics. Some experts feels that most of the individual scene should hence be individually analyzed for a accurate reproduction.This means that each scene would have different multispectral properties which would mean a different system, making the detection complex. In addition, this also calls for advanced digital signal processing techniques and the possibility of cock-a-hoop quantities of data to be analyzed (Gordon 2001) 4. habitude in Crime Scene While multispectral imaging is increasingly being used to analyze physical evidence, the first pass around impost in crime scenes is not very popular even now. This is because the technique is much too costly for usage for normal forensic departments.In addition, the equipments are not portable enough for it to be good taken to a crime scene (Gordon 2001) 5. Image cheer This problem occurs at the time of image recreation. However, not every field faces this problem. In case of document forensics, where the final document has to be reconstructed, specialists recover the complete image before deciding on the parts to include. The image recreation needs homosexual charge however. However, in case of some other forensic scene recreation, the problem might become more difficult.This is because, the image given by a multispectral analysis is 3D in nature, though not complete. But the image presented or used by an perceiver is 2D. Hence, the transformation of the image and the components to select the exact transformation is not very easy (MacDonald & Luo 2002) Limitations of Multispectral Imaging Technique Multispectral image techniques need some additional technology shape up before they can be successfully used for forensic applications universally. 1. Problems in analyzing expatiate As has been said earlier, multispectral imaging was used by satellites for recording data.From this outperform, any blurring is attributed to distance and smaller flesh out were usually not expected. When the techniqu e was applied for analyzing objects at smaller distances, like forensic analysis of document, ab initio the results were satisfactory. This means that the results obtained were much better than was spy using the optical techniques employing the RGB technique. However, the problem arose when the details in the document were not very clear. (Hill 2005). The image size is also not that of the original image which also makes the alinement difficult.Also the some(prenominal) imperfections which are inherent of the real world, makes it difficult for the technique to be used in the real-time situation. Here, the contamination is some full(a)ly expected. The noise is however not acceptable while using the multispectral imaging technique. Researches are on for finding a suitable fusion technique which is both adaptive and intelligent enough to take care of these conditions, though it might take some time for this to actually find (Danien & Grant 2006) 2.Calibration Errors There is ano ther problem that might happen when multispectral imaging is used for analyzing details at subatomic levels. The problem is associate to precision of the technique and occurs due to imperfect calibration of equipments. The errors means dour data being sued as commentary which raises the error when the take data is analyzed. This in turn effects the spatial resolution when a simple approximation is undeniable for the temporal evolution. There is also a very high requirement for remainder as the technique is primarily related to pixel information (Koch Haan & Mancini 2004) . Need for reconstructive memory software An imaging software pile is essential for making the final image which would be analyzed.The problems lie when this imaging software is not up to the standard. In this case, the entire advantages are in the danger of being lost. Unfortunately, the reconstruction still requires human presence despite the sophisticated software packages available. The output image decip hering from these software have turn out to vbe confusing, and hence scientists prefer analyzing in the human presence wheich is a tedious process (Foy & Theiler n. d)Future Application and Trends in Multispectral imaging With the many advantages that can be achieved using Multispectral imaging techniques, the near future leave behind see more investigate in this field. Forensics will now be the main focus, as because of the accuracy of data that can be found using this technique. There are however many issues that need ready attention. The most important is the image retrieval software which is very important for the analysis of the evidence by investigators. The area is eyesight contend many advances with many tools being developed that target specific areas of forensic work.The second target area is the simplification in equipment size and complexity. Use in satellites did not put a lot of restrictions to the size of the equipment. However, when it is used by investigator s for crime scene detection, the size of equipment becomes important. The equipment should also be able to access spaces, meaning that it should be able to cover the entire crime scene. The interest in making smaller electronic devices with higher computer magnate may prove to be very helpful in this case. In addition, the research is also being done to correct the quality of optical systemsFinally, the multispectral imaging technique itself should be improvised such that its efficacy to noise is reduced. In many cases like landmine detection, a prior analysis of the land is first doe before using the multispectral equipment, which is a good solution Investigators are finding that using multispectral imaging assists in the process of analyzing evidence. Sufficient research in this field to make the technology more efficient, will help it in befitting a universally accepted technology.